A Civilized World

When God began to create heaven and earth—the earth being unformed and void, with darkness over the surface of the deep and a wind from God sweeping over the water—God said . . .  Genesis 1:1-2  JPS A wind from God – One might reasonably argue that this text forms the backbone of the Western…

Peshat Problems

There is no Scripture except according to its literal sense.  Sefer Ha-Mitsvot (Maimonides) Literal sense – In his article, “The Authority and Interpretation of Scripture in Jewish Tradition,” Nahum Sarna examines the idea that the biblical writers wrote exclusively for their contemporary audiences.  He cites Maimonides’ statement to the effect that the Peshat layer of…